Sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions as charge carriers, as opposed to lithium in lithium-ion batteries. They function similarly, with ions moving between electrodes during charge and discharge. The key difference lies in the materials used; sodium is more abundant and cheaper than lithium, potentially making sodium-ion batteries more cost-effective and sustainable.

Sodium-ion batteries offer several advantages, including lower cost due to sodium's abundance, reduced environmental impact through sustainable material sourcing, and potentially safer chemistry. They are also less sensitive to temperature variations, making them versatile for various applications.

These batteries are particularly effective for large-scale energy storage, such as in grid applications, due to their cost-effectiveness and safety profile. They are also increasingly being considered for electric vehicles, especially in regions with extreme temperature conditions.

Sodium-ion batteries can last up to 2,000 charge cycles, similar to lithium-ion batteries. While their energy density is currently lower, making them less efficient in some applications, research is ongoing to improve this aspect.

Yes, they are considered more environmentally friendly. Sodium is abundant and easier to source sustainably, and the manufacturing process is generally less harmful. Moreover, these batteries are recyclable, reducing their environmental impact at end-of-life.

Sodium-ion batteries are generally cheaper to manufacture and purchase due to the wide availability and low cost of sodium. Factors contributing to cost differences include material availability, manufacturing processes, and economies of scale.